Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail, a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution. The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.
It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman. This was eventually adopted by the Convention. The Framers of the Constitution were delegates to the Constitutional Convention who took part in drafting the proposed U. They signed the Declaration of Independence, took part in the Revolutionary War, and established the Constitution.
The Framers of the Constitution were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and helped draft the Constitution of the United States. In , historian Richard B. In —, twelve of the thirteen states—all but Rhode Island—chose seventy-four delegates to attend what is now known as the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Nineteen of these delegates chose not to accept election or attend the debates.
The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention, but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend, leaving fifty-five delegates to draft the Constitution. Almost all of these delegates had taken part in the Revolution.
At least twenty-nine of the delegates served in the Continental forces. Most of the delegates had been members of the Confederation Congress, and many had been members of the Continental Congress. The framers of the Constitution had extensive political experience. By , four-fifths of the delegates had been in the Continental Congress.
Nearly all of the fifty-five delegates had experience in colonial and state government. Furthermore, the delegates practiced a wide range of high- and middle-status occupations. Many delegates pursued more than one career simultaneously. They did not differ dramatically from the Loyalists, except the delegates were generally younger in their professions.
More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers, although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal career. Other professions included merchants, manufacturers, shippers, land speculators, bankers or financiers, three physicians, a minister, and several small farmers.
Of the twenty-five who owned slaves, sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income. Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings, and most were comfortably wealthy. George Washington and Governor Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country. The Founding Fathers had strong educational backgrounds at some of the colonial colleges or abroad.
Some, like Franklin and Washington, were largely self-taught or learned through apprenticeship. Others had obtained instruction from private tutors or at academies. About half of the men had attended or graduated from college.
Some men held medical degrees or advanced training in theology. Most delegates were educated in the colonies, but several were lawyers who had been trained at the Inns of Court in London.
Several notable Founders did not participate in the Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson was abroad, serving as the minister to France.
John Adams was in Britain, serving as minister to that country, but he wrote home to encourage the delegates. Most were successful in subsequent careers, although seven suffered serious financial reverses that left them in or near bankruptcy. Most of the group continued to render public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create.
At the Constitutional Convention, several plans were introduced. While waiting for the Convention to formally begin, James Madison sketched out his initial draft, which became known as the Virginia Plan.
It also reflected his views as a strong nationalist. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers. Rotation in office and recall were two principles applied to the lower house of the national legislature. It was a confederation, or treaty, among the thirteen states. There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates. The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants. The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions.
Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President, and it would also appoint members of the cabinet. Congress, in joint session, would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states. Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court.
The Pinckney plan was not debated, but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail for early draft. Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President, and would also appoint members of the cabinet. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress—one vote per state. This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities that could enter and leave the United States on their own volition.
It also was known as the British Plan, because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government. The plan featured a bicameral legislature, the lower house elected by the people for three years. The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life. The plan also gave the Governor, an executive elected by electors for a life-term of service, an absolute veto over bills.
State governors would be appointed by the national legislature, and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation. Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18, The plan was perceived as a well-thought-out plan, but it was not considered because it resembled the British system too closely. To resolve this stalemate, Roger Sherman, a delegate from Connecticut, forged the Connecticut Compromise.
In a sense it blended the Virginia large-state and New Jersey small-state proposals. Ultimately, its main contribution was determining the method for apportionment of the Senate and retaining a federal character in the constitution. What was ultimately included in the Constitution was a modified form of this plan. In the Committee of Detail, Benjamin Franklin added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the House.
As such, the Senate would bring a federal character to the government, not because senators were elected by state legislatures, but because each state was equally represented. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit.
It was, however, Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, in the form of 15 resolutions. The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature. This agreement led to the Three-Fifths Compromise , which meant less populous Southern states were allowed to count three-fifths of all non-free people toward population counts and allocations. The U. Constitution However, the " Connecticut Compromise " proposed by Roger Sherman outlined a system of bicameral legislation that included both proportional and equal representation.
The "Great Compromise " was adopted by the Convention and became the foundation for the structure of the legislative branch of federal government that exists today. The Connecticut Compromise set the tone of the rest of the Convention's activity: bargaining among various delegates to balance disparate interests and ideologies to form what would become the Constitution of This committee helped work out a compromise : In exchange for this concession, the federal government's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majority.
The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives.
Delegates eventually adopted the Connecticut Compromise or the Great Compromise which blended the Virginia large-state and New Jersey small-state proposals. After adopting the Great Compromise , delegates moved on to tackle the most controversial issue threatening the Union: slavery. Finally, delegates agreed on the Three-Fifths Compromise , which was able to temporarily keep the young nation together. Identify the compromises Convention delegates made in order to create a More Perfect Union Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine Connecticut was formed as a migration from the Massachusetts colony.
New Haven was settled separately, but all joined together as Connecticut , in Today, we take this arrangement for granted; in the wilting-hot summer of , it was a new idea. They turned aside a proposal to have the House of Representatives elect senators from lists submitted by the individual state legislatures and agreed that those legislatures should elect their own senators. By July 16, the convention had already set the minimum age for senators at 30 and the term length at six years, as opposed to 25 for House members, with two-year terms.
The issue of representation, however, threatened to destroy the seven-week-old convention. Small-state delegates demanded, with comparable intensity, that all states be equally represented in both houses.
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