A collection of communication skills guides, for common OSCE scenarios, including history taking and information giving. A collection of data interpretation guides to help you learn how to interpret various laboratory and radiology investigations. A comprehensive collection of medical revision notes that cover a broad range of clinical topics.
A collection of anatomy notes covering the key anatomy concepts that medical students need to learn. A collection of interactive medical and surgical clinical case scenarios to put your diagnostic and management skills to the test.
Each clinical case scenario allows you to work through history taking, investigations, diagnosis and management. A collection of free medical student quizzes to put your medical and surgical knowledge to the test! Table of Contents. This article provides a very brief overview of nephrotic and nephritic syndrome , to help you differentiate the two conditions. Nephrotic syndrome is a condition involving the loss of significant volumes of protein via the kidneys proteinuria which results in hypoalbuminaemia.
As a result of hypoalbuminaemia, nephrotic syndrome is associated with oedema due to reduced oncotic pressure , hyperlipidaemia and hypercoagulability. Typical findings on urinalysis in the context of nephrotic syndrome include:. Nephritic syndrome is a condition involving haematuria , mild to moderate proteinuria typically less than 3. Typical findings on urinalysis in the context of nephritic syndrome include:.
Clinical Examination. Renal biopsy may be completed in some patients; however, guidelines are controversial as to whether to complete this or not. Regarding treatment of nephrotic syndrome , one of the most important things is to try to avoid complications that can occur due to nephrotic syndrome. For edema , patients can be started on diuretics , such as furosemide, other loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Regarding the increased risk of venous thrombosis , each patient should be evaluated independently.
Those patients who are at high risk of venous thrombosis could be started on anticoagulation, however, the bleeding risk could outweigh the risk of thrombosis, in which this instance you would not want to start anticoagulation. Lastly for hyperlipidemia there is insufficient data to recommend starting dyslipidemia medication for isolated hyperlipidemia in patients who have nephrotic syndrome.
If a patient has an elevated ASCVD risk score recommended statin therapy, this in this instance starting medication would be recommended. For treatment of the proteinuria, typically ACE inhibitors or ARBs would be recommended due to their known antiproteinuric effects. Additionally, some patients may be on immunosuppressive therapies with corticosteroids, adrenocorticotropic hormone, Tripterygium wilfordii, alkylating agents, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, IVIG, rituximab, eculizumab, cyclosporine, or tacrolimus.
Next, we will discuss nephritic syndrome. This is a disease in which there is damage to the glomerulus that leads to:. Which leads to hypertension and edema. There are a myriad of things that can lead to nephritic syndrome including hereditary, autoimmune, and infectious etiologies. The list of possible causes of nephritic is daunting. This could range from:. The following table reviews the possible etiologies diagnostic findings, and the treatment of each diagnosis.
There are a number of underlying disease processes that can lead to both nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. See also separate articles:. Acute nephritic syndrome is often the most serious and potentially devastating form of the various renal syndromes. This depends on the underlying cause. The prognosis for nephritic syndrome caused by acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in children is generally excellent. Praga M, Gonzalez E ; Acute interstitial nephritis.
Kidney Int. Epub Mar Hi could someone help me please, I've been to the hospital this morning and been told I have a 7cm angiomyolipoma on my left kidney, the consultant really wasn't helpful and has fast tracked me for Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions.
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